Latin American Pediatric Dentistry Journal
The Latin American Journal of Pediatric Dentistry (Revista de Odontopediatría Latinoamericana) is the official publication of the Latin American Association of Pediatric Dentistry (Asociación Latinoamericana de Odontopediatría ALOP ). It is developed for dental professionals and students, as well as for other health workers who are interested in the care of children and adolescents. It is published continuously in open access, to disseminate research and knowledge in pediatric dentistry and related areas. The Editorial Board follows the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME), and the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) in terms of possible conflicts of interest, evaluation of research designs, peer review process, editorial decision-making, plagiarism, and allegations of possible misconduct.
Asociación Latinoamericana de Odontopediatría (ALOP)
Environmental risk factors associated with orofacial malformations and neural tube defects in newborns
Introduction: Orofacial malformations and neural tube defects, such as cleft lip, cleft palate, and myelomeningocele, affect the health and quality of life of newborns. Their origin is multifactorial, and their presence increases the risk of complications and infant mortality. Objective: To determine the frequency of risk factors associated with orofacial malformations and neural tube defects in newborns. Materials and Methods: The records of newborns diagnosed with congenital and orofacial malformations registered from January 2018 to June 2022 at the Hospital de la Mujer Zacatecana were reviewed. Likewise, the statistical association between these diagnoses and the identified risk factors was evaluated. Results: 33.67% presented orofacial malformations, isolated or associated with syndromes and neural tube defects. Within this group, 34.8% corresponded to cases of cleft lip, both unilateral and bilateral; 36.4% also had cleft palate. Of the neural tube defects and other embryological structures, 25 cases were presented: 48% were myelomeningocele, 16% were mandibular defects, and 12% were hemifacial microsomia. A statistically significant association was observed between neural tube defects and other embryological structures, as well as the presence of urinary tract infections during pregnancy, in individuals with insufficient folate intake (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The complexity of addressing congenital malformations and implementing multidisciplinary strategies for prevention, early detection, and comprehensive management of associated risk factors is highlighted.
Copyright (c) 2026 Latin American Pediatric Dentistry Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Association between parental oral health knowledge and children's oral condition
Objective: To examine the association between the oral health knowledge of parents and the oral health condition of their children treated in the postgraduate course in Pediatric Dentistry at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica. Methods: A survey was conducted on oral health knowledge (general concepts, oral hygiene and eating habits) and sociodemographic characteristics of parents, including age, sex, educational level, occupation, and socioeconomic level. Data regarding patients' age, sex, Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth index, oral hygiene index (Green and Vermillion index) were extracted from the patient's electronic records. Descriptive statistics were carried out establishing the absolute and relative frequency of sociodemographic variables and questions about parents' knowledge about oral health. The chi-square test (p< 0.05, 95% CI), the T test and the Pearson test were also used. Results: 40 surveys were obtained. 50% of the participants had an acceptable knowledge of oral hygiene. There was no statistically significant association between the level of knowledge and the sociodemographic variables of the parents or with dmft (p=0.372) or Oral Hygiene index (p=0.892). However, there was a moderate correlation between dmft and the Oral Hygiene index (R=0.451, p=0.003)). Conclusions: There is no association between parents' level of knowledge and their children's oral health condition.
Protocols of Motivational Interviewing for prevention of dental caries in children: Scoping review
Introduction: Childhood caries remains a significant public health challenge in Brazil. Motivational interviewing (MI) has been recognized as an effective approach for promoting behavior change. Therefore, access to a structured MI protocol by oral health professionals may enhance its application in childhood health education actions. Objective: To systematically map studies that used any type of structured MI protocol in the prevention of childhood caries and to evaluate the protocols, questionnaires, or interview guides used. Materials and Methods: A scoping review was conducted by two independent reviewers, previously trained and calibrated, who carried out the search, selection, and data extraction of studies that used MI protocols in the management of caries in children. MEDLINE, LILACS, BBO, CUMED, BDENF, SciELO and Scopus were searched for studies published between 2019 and 2024. Inter-reviewer agreement was excellent (kappa ≥ 0.84). Results: Of the 862 references identified, 10 studies used a structured MI protocol with parents or guardians of children. Randomized clinical trials predominated and were conducted mainly among low-income populations and children at high risk for caries. Conclusion: The mapping of the scientific production on MI for childhood caries prevention identified a small number of interventions based on a structured protocol, with the Weinstein Protocol and collaborators being the only instrument translated and adapted into other languages.
Unusual yellow lesion on gingival mucosa. A rare oral pathology in a newborn. Case report
Introduction: Natal teeth (NT) are part of the rare anomalies of dental development with relevant clinical implications in the neonatal period. Case report: We present the case of a 15-day-old newborn with two DN in the anterior inferior region, whose removal revealed a bright yellow gingival lesion. Although no complementary diagnostic studies were performed, a possible etiology was suggested to be a manifestation of physiological neonatal jaundice. Conclusion: This unusual clinical finding, not described in the literature, highlights the need to consider the interaction between systemic conditions and oral manifestations.
Orthodontic management in patients with autism spectrum disorder: a qualitative pilot study from the professional perspective
Introduction. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by difficulties in social interaction, repetitive patterns, and sensory sensitivities that limit access to conventional dental treatments. Tactile, auditory, and visual hypersensitivity, combined with associated oral habits, complicates orthodontic management in this population. Objectives. To describe the clinical strategies and considerations employed by orthodontic and pediatric dentistry specialists for managing patients with ASD, from their professional perspective. Materials and Methods. A qualitative study conducted in Chile between January and March 2025, based on semi-structured interviews with nine professionals—five pediatric dentists and four orthodontists—with experience in ASD. Purposive sampling and content analysis were used until category saturation was reached. Results. Six categories were identified: pre-treatment; during clinical evaluation; during treatment; relationship with caregivers; special considerations; and recommendations. Conclusions. Successful orthodontic treatment in patients with ASD depends on an individualized approach that considers their sensory, behavioral, and emotional characteristics. Although effective strategies exist, the lack of standardized protocols highlights the need for further research and the development of specialized clinical guidelines.
Behavior management in pediatric dentistry in children aged two to eight years: Systematic review.
Introduction: Dental anxiety and fear are common situations in pediatric dental consultations and can affect the development of dental treatment. Therefore, establishing a good relationship of trust between the dentist and the child is crucial to maintain the child's cooperation. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of different strategies and techniques used in managing the behavior of pediatric dental patients aged two to eight years who present fear and anxiety. Materials and methods: A systematic review was conducted following the recommendations of the PRISMA guidelines. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (RoB 2) version 2 was used to assess the risk of bias in randomized trials. Results: Nine articles were included. The techniques used include tell-show-do (TDD), auditory distraction (AD), audiovisual distraction (AVD), mobile phone game distraction (MTG), positive reinforcement, voice control, passive parental presence, active parental presence, conscious sedation, bubble breathing play therapy (BBPPT), and tell-play-do (TPD). The most used technique is tell-show-do, and although it is effective, studies demonstrate the superiority of other techniques such as audiovisual distraction and tell-play-do. Conclusions: When several strategies are combined, there may be a synergistic effect that further reduces levels of dental fear and anxiety in this population.
Comparison of the amount of phosphates in hypomineralized and non-hypomineralized dental enamel with Raman
Introduction: Molar hypomineralization is associated with alterations in the mineral composition of dental enamel, which can be evaluated using Raman spectroscopy. Objective: To compare phosphate concentration between healthy enamel and hypomineralized enamel using Raman spectroscopy as an analytical method. Materials and Methods: Sixteen extracted teeth with lesions consistent with molar hypomineralization were analyzed, selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. In each sample, healthy and hypomineralized areas were identified, and Raman spectra were obtained to determine the intensity of the peak corresponding to the phosphate ion. Results: The spectral intensity of the phosphate ion was consistently lower in hypomineralized areas compared to healthy ones. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed statistically significant differences among clinical groups based on lesion color (p < 0.05). Conclusions: A significant decrease in phosphate concentration was observed in hypomineralized enamel, especially in lesions with greater clinical severity, which may be related to their increased fragility and susceptibility to fracture and caries progression.
Ulectomy as a treatment for permanent tooth retention due to gingival fibrosis. Case report.
Tooth eruption is considered as the axial movement of a tooth from its original position in the bone to its functional occlusal position in the oral cavity. In this way, tooth eruption could be considered part of childhood development and growth. When there is a delay in tooth eruption, there are various factors that could cause it, among them is gingival fibrosis, which can be corrected through a procedure called Ulectomy consists of the excision or removal of the tissue that interrupts the eruption process of a tooth. Below, we present a case of an 8-year-old boy, who comes to the clinic presenting with gingival fibrosis at the level of teeth 1.1 and 2.1, whose treatment was surgical in order to expose the crowns of the teeth. In conclusion, having knowledge about the chronology of tooth eruption is of great importance, since in this way we could shorten the delay time. The precise and accurate diagnosis of the impaction of dental units due to gingival fibrosis is essential to be able to implement effective treatments such as Ulectomy, with which we manage to help our patients by generating quality of life, from a physiological occlusion, improvement in phonation and feeding, and functional aesthetics, returning security and self-esteem in themselves.
Lip bumper as a non-invasive treatment for mucocele in pediatric patients: a case series
Introduction: A mucocele is a common benign lesion of the oral cavity, particularly affecting children and adolescents, and is typically caused by local trauma to the mucosa. Traditionally, it has been treated surgically; however, this compilation presents pediatric dental cases managed with a modified lip protector. The aim is to describe a non-surgical technique for managing mucoceles, as well as to identify the conditions or factors that may influence its success or failure. Case Reports: Five pediatric cases of mucoceles located on the lower lip were treated using modified lip bumpers. In most instances, the non-surgical treatment led to partial or complete resolution of the lesion. However, in some cases, full resolution was not achieved. Discussion: According to the literature, mucoceles of the minor salivary glands rarely resolve spontaneously. While surgical removal typically offers a favorable prognosis, it often results in long-lasting fibrous scarring. Pediatric patients are frequently apprehensive about undergoing surgery and anesthesia. The use of a modified lip bumper represents a well-tolerated, non-invasive, and effective alternative, particularly in cases involving relatively recent lesions. This approach minimizes discomfort and avoids potential complications. Conclusion: The modified lip bumper proved to be an effective and non-invasive treatment option for oral mucoceles, especially in children and adolescents. The success of this approach appears to depend on both the lesion's characteristics and its duration.
Association between oral breathing and maxillary compression: a narrative review
Introduction: Oral breathing is defined as the habit of breathing predominantly through the mouth as opposed to the nose, bypassing the natural filter of the nasal cavity and positioning the tongue in an altered way due to structural abnormalities, nasal obstructions, or respiratory syndromes. This habit leads to a lack of stimulation for the transverse development of the maxilla, causing a deep, cleft palate that lacks muscular resistance against the centripetal forces of the perioral musculature, due to an abnormal tongue position. Objectives: To determine the association between oral breathing and maxillary compression, and to evaluate whether the diagnostic methods used comply with standardized criteria. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Elsevier, Epistemonikos, and Tripdatabase. The search included articles published between 2014 and 2025. Results: After analyzing the publications that met the proposed objectives, six articles were selected for data extraction and interpretation. Conclusions: Oral breathing and maxillary compression are directly associated as a result of the musculoskeletal imbalance between the tongue and hard palate due to a descended tongue position. However, there is no unified criterion for measuring maxillary compression, which prevents comparisons of diagnoses across different clinical studies.
Vital pulp therapy in young permanent teeth with the bioactive material Biodentine.Case series.
Vital pulp therapy stands out among minimally invasive endodontics as an alternative treatment for young permanent teeth with reversible and irreversible pulpitis affected by caries lesions, trauma or restorative treatments, eliminating the affected portion of pulp tissue and promoting its repair. The development of bioactive materials has allowed a range of therapeutic options focused on maintaining the largest amount of vital pulp tissue by stimulating the formation of tertiary dentin, which contributes to the complete root development of these teeth, avoiding complex, expensive procedures that can generate negative experiences in pediatric patients. The objective of this study was to radiographically evaluate the root formation of young permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis due to dental caries treated with vital pulp therapy with Biodentine. Three cases of first permanent molars with incomplete root formation and irreversible pulpitis were presented, which were treated through vital pulp therapy with a 4-year follow-up. Complete root formation, absence of symptoms and adequate maxillofacial development were evident. It is concluded that vital pulp therapy is the treatment of choice in teeth with irreversible pulpitis and can be performed by a pediatric dentist, ensuring preservation of the pulp organ and its complete root development.
Long-term complications in the dental development of pediatric patients after oncological treatment: A systematic review
Introduction and aim of the study: Childhood cancer is a rare disease that affects children and adolescents under 19 years of age and is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Increased survival has led to the emergence of sequelae resulting from cancer treatment. The objective of this review was to describe the complications in dental development in this group of individuals after receiving cancer treatment. Methodology: An electronic database search and manual review were conducted to identify relevant studies. Cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies published in the last 20 years in English, Spanish, and Portuguese were included. The search strategy combined MeSH terms and free text. According to the PICO strategy, articles were selected that evaluated patients aged 0–19 years with childhood cancer treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, hematopoietic cell transplantation, and combination therapies. The outcome evaluated was the presence of long-term manifestations in dental development after cancer treatment. Results: Out of 116 studies, 21 were selected. The methodological designs were equitable (33.3% each). Leukemia was the most common childhood cancer (40.3%). Most patients received chemotherapy alone (71.6%), and the main dental abnormalities were root malformations (26.1%), enamel hypoplasia (24.8%), microdontia (24.6%), and tooth agenesis (17.8%). Conclusion: Antineoplastic therapies in pediatric oncology patients are associated with dental abnormalities. Integrating the dentist into the interdisciplinary team is key to preventing, diagnosing, and treating these manifestations.
Clinical management of a pediatric dental avulsion. Literature review and case report
Introduction: Dental avulsion, defined as the complete loss of a tooth from its socket, is one of the most common traumatic injuries in the primary dentition, especially in preschool children. Timely management is essential to prevent functional, aesthetic, and emotional consequences. Objective: To describe the clinical approach following dental avulsion in the primary dentition, highlighting the use of the Groper appliance as a functional and aesthetic restorative alternative in pediatric patients. Case presentation: A 4-year-old male patient presented for dental consultation one year after suffering trauma due to a fall that caused the avulsion of the upper right central incisor (tooth 51). The mother reported speech difficulties since the accident. The clinical evaluation revealed the corresponding edentulous space with no signs of inflammation or damage to the adjacent teeth. The fabrication and placement of a Groper appliance were indicated as a space maintainer to restore phonation and preserve facial aesthetics during the growth stage until the eruption of the permanent tooth. Conclusion: The use of the Groper appliance in cases of avulsion in primary dentition represents an effective therapeutic option that contributes to the functional and aesthetic recovery of pediatric patients, improving the child's quality of life after dentoalveolar trauma.
Esthetic rehabilitation of preschool patient with hypoplasia using acetate crowns: a case report
Introduction: Enamel hypoplasia consists on the incomplete formation of the organic matrix of the enamel. It is characterized by grooves and loss of structure with rounded edges, which can compromise aesthetics and interfere on the form and function. Treatments can vary between microabrasion, restorations or single crowns. Among the types of treatment for more severe hypoplasia, acetate, celluloid or polyester crowns stand out due to their low cost, good longevity and easy handling, allowing to optimize clinical time and obtain satisfactory aesthetics. Goal: This case aims to rehabilitate a 3-year-old preschooler with hypoplasia in her upper central incisors using acetate crowns, seeking to reduce clinical time and bring lasting and satisfactory aesthetic results. Case report: Preschool patient, female, 3 years old, complete deciduous dentition, without malocclusions and with enamel hypoplasia on the incisal edge of the upper central incisors. The rehabilitation treatment of choice was direct restorations with the aid of acetate crowns. Conditioning was carried out with 37% phosphoric acid on the tooth surface, followed by the application of adhesive. To fill the crowns, composite resin was used, inserted into the acetate molds in small increments to reduce polymerization contraction, and subsequently light-cured for one minute on each face. After a 1-year follow-up, they maintained good adaptation, smoothness and satisfactory aesthetic results. Conclusion: Acetate crowns are a good option for the aesthetic rehabilitation of anterior teeth with hypoplasia. They have satisfactory aesthetic results, low cost, reduced clinical time and appropriate longevity.
Anxiety level in pediatric patients prior to dental care: A cross-sectional study
Introduction: Dental care anxiety is common and has a direct impact on oral health. Children often experience anxiety and trauma during dental visits, which can hinder timely care. Objective: To evaluate anxiety levels in pediatric patients before dental care, according to age and sex. Methods: The study was carried out under a non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive design, with a sample of 176 pediatric patients between 3 and 12 years of age, who attended the pediatric dentistry service of a private university in Cusco, during the period from September to December 2023, selected according to selection criteria. The instruments used were: the modified Corah dental anxiety scale (MDAS), which identifies anxiety in five levels. Results: The results showed a predominance of severe anxiety or phobia among patients of both sexes. The level of anxiety was identified to have significant relationship with age. Conclusions: The importance of considering age as a determining factor in dental anxiety in children is emphasized, which requires adapting strategies for each age group due to the fact that the older the age the less anxiety. There is a lack of dependence between anxiety and sex, which suggests the universality of dental anxiety without distinction of gender.
Claudia Lucero Casafranca Tupac Yupanqui
Aesthetic restoration of fractured anterior teeth following an episode of dentoalveolar trauma: case report
Direct restoration with composite resin is a treatment option to restore aesthetics and function of anterior teeth with coronal fracture after an episode of dentoalveolar trauma. The present study aimed to present and discuss the direct restoration technique, with composite resin, in a pediatric dentistry patient with a crown fracture of the permanent upper central incisor due to dentoalveolar trauma. Female patient, 8 years old, was referred to the Dental Residency program in the area of ​​Dentistry at the State University of Londrina (UEL), for restorative treatment of tooth 11. On the intraoral physical examination, a coronal fracture involving enamel and dentin was diagnosed, without pulp involvement. Radiographically, no periapical involvement or root fracture was observed. After planning the case and obtaining the consent of the legal guardian, direct restoration was performed with composite resin using the free-hand technique. In a 1-year clinical follow-up, the aesthetic and functional results obtained were considered satisfactory by the patient, family members and professionals. Based on the case presented, it can be concluded that direct restoration with composite resin, using the freehand technique, is a viable alternative mainly due to its low cost and reduced clinical time. In addition, the success of the treatment depends on factors related to the properties of the materials, the patient's oral habits, and the professional's knowledge and clinical skills.
Lucas Fernando Oliveira Tomáz Ferraresso
Oral rehabilitation of a preschool child with ectodermal dysplasia through fixed space maintainers in a case of 7 primary incisors oligodontia – Case report
Oligodontia is a common manifestation of Ectodermal Dysplasia with severe implications for oral aesthetics and function. The adaptation of space maintainers becomes a challenge due to the complexity missing teeth and facial growth in children. Objective: report and describe the manufacturing and adaptation of fixed dentomuco-supported space maintainers in the maxilla and mandible of a child with Ectodermal Dysplasia. Case Report: A 4-year-old patient with Ectodermal Dysplasia and oligodontia of seven primary incisors was subjected to adaptation of fixed space maintainers. For the maxilla, a modified Nance space maintainer was fabricated with an acrylic resin extension to the vestibular to simulate gingival tissue, and artificial primary teeth were fabricated using prefabricated acetate crowns. For the mandible, a lingual arch was fabricated with an acrylic resin extension to the vestibular in the region where the four lower primary incisors were missing to simulate gingival tissue, and artificial lower primary incisors were also fabricated. Results: The patient showed excellent adaptation to space maintainers, with improvements in masticatory function, posture, and tongue function. The family reported psychological improvement in the child, who had stopped attending school due to embarrassment and returned to regular school activities. Conclusion: Space maintainers are effective in restoring function and aesthetics in complex cases of oligodontia associated with Ectodermal Dysplasia.
Space Maintenance, Orthodontic; Anodontia; Ectodermal Dysplasia
Training and competencies of Chilean dentists in addressing child abuse.
Introduction: Worldwide, head and neck injuries are present in more than 50% of child abuse cases, meaning dentists could play a crucial role in their identification and management. However, this opportunity appears to be underutilized. Objectives: To explore the experiences of general and specialist dentists in identifying and managing child abuse, as well as te perceptions of social workers regarding the role of dentists and the importance of interdisciplinary work in these cases. Materials and methods: A qualitative-exploratory study using convenience sampling. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted via Zoom with 18 individuals divided into three groups: (1) General dentists (n=8), (2) Specialist dentists (n=7), and (3) Social workers with experience in child abuse cases (n=3). Results: General dentists (Group 1) perceived themselves as lacking adequate preparation to address child abuse, whereas specialists (Group 2) acquired this training through postgraduate studies or professional practice. The main barriers preventing dentists from reporting child abuse include a lack of knowledge about the reporting process, fear, and the absence of this topic in undergraduate training. The experiences of Group 3 emphasize the necessity of interdisciplinary collaboration to effectively address child abuse. Conclusions: There is a lack of adequate training for dentists to handle child abuse cases. Chilean universities should review their curricula and assess the need to reinforce this content, as well as promote interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure a more comprehensive approach.
Copyright (c) 2025 Latin American Pediatric Dentistry Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Correction of Class III Malocclusion with Klammt's Elastic Open Activator: A Case Report­­­
Introduction: Class III malocclusion has a multifactorial etiology, resulting from interactions among innate, genetic, and environmental factors. It is generally characterized by a concave facial profile, anterior crossbite, increased effective mandibular length, and, in combined cases, midface deficiency due to maxillary retrusion. Objective: This case report aims to review the biological basis and characteristics of Class III malocclusion in the mixed dentition, as well as its early functional orthopedic management. Case Report:An 8-year-old girl with anterior crossbite and skeletal Class III malocclusion was treated with the Klammt Class III elastic open activator, resulting in correction of the anterior crossbite and a favorable change in her facial profile. Conclusion: The Klammt Class III elastic open activator produces favorable outcomes in anterior crossbite correction, enhances facial profile and posture, and redirects maxillary and mandibular growth during the mixed dentition stage.
How do parents in Southeast Mexico perceive protective stabilization? A qualitative study
Background: Among behavior guidance techniques, protective stabilization remains a controversial non-pharmacological approach. Understanding the views of protective stabilization in different parental cohorts across cultural spectrums is relevant in the world’s current cultural climate. Aim: Qualitatively analyze the perception of parents in southeast Mexico whose children attended a pediatric dentistry residency clinic regarding the use of protective stabilization as a behavior guidance technique. Methods: Focus groups with 15 parents were held, after a video screening of the use, indications, benefits, and limitations of the protective stabilization technique. The themes of importance, need, affectionate response, perceived risk or harm, benefits, and acceptability of the use of the technique were used to guide the dialogues. The sessions were audio-recorded and then transcribed for analysis. Results: The deductive qualitative data analysis following the delineated themes revealed that parents generally accepted that the use of protective stabilization was necessary for safe and efficient dental treatments to be carried out in their children. Worries about potential physical and psychological concerns were shared, but parents generally agreed that the benefits outweighed the risks when treatments were needed. Conclusion: In this context (a university service in southeast Mexico), protective stabilization was accepted by parents when indicated and needed to fulfill secure pediatric dental treatments. This is relevant in contexts like the current one where pharmacological behavior techniques are not as readily available.
Violence against children: an opportunity for detection in dental consultations
Introduction: Violence against children is a public health issue that can be detected during dental consultation, since it is estimated that 65% of injuries occur on the face and neck. In Argentina, the bibliography and experiences recorded from Dentistry are scarce, so this work arises from the need to have a tool that makes the problem visible and facilitates its approach. Objective: Make recommendations for detection and addressing of child abuse from dental consultation through the development of a theoretical-practical Guide. Materials and Methods: A bibliographic review of studies linking child abuse to dental care was conducted. Based on this, a Guide was prepared that has epidemiological information, theoretical and legal framework, and recommendations for the detection and addressing of physical abuse, sexual violence and neglect. Results: Pediatric dentists are uniquely positioned to detect signs of child abuse during consultations. Conclusions: It is crucial that healthcare professionals, including dentists, are trained to identify and act on signs of child abuse.
Association between nutritional status and the number of permanent teeth in a school child in Costa Rica
Abstract: Childhood overweight and obesity have become one of the public health challenges worldwide. These conditions can affect various systems, they are associated with an early onset of puberty and tooth eruption. Objective: to evaluate whether there is an association between nutritional status and the number of permanent teeth erupted in a population of school children in Costa Rica. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study with a sample of 753 children between 6 and 12 years old. A clinical examination was performed the presence or absence of permanent teeth, weight and height measurements were recorded. The anthropometric status was evaluated according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. Descriptive analysis was carried out for all variables, comparison of means between groups (overweight/obesity versus normal weight) with the Mann-Whitney U test. A linear regression analysis was used with age and sex as covariates. Results: 69,20% children had a normal weight and 30,80% were overweight/obese. The average number or erupted teeth as higher in children with overweight/obesity than in those with normal weight (p=0.001). This difference remains in the analysis y sex (men, p=0.001; women, p=0.018). Linear regression analysis demonstrated that nutritional status (p=0.001) and age (p=0.001) are associated with the number of permanent teeth erupted. Conclusion: Overweight/obese school-age children have more erupted teeth than their healthy-weight peers.
Copyright (c) 2021 Latin American Pediatric Dentistry Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Conservative treatment for severe intrusion of primary teeth. Case report.
Traumatic injuries in the primary dentition are one of the main reasons for pediatric dentistry consultation.Intrusive dislocations in the primary dentition are severe injuries in which the tooth moves axially towards the socket,causing tissue damage that can seriously affect the supporting tissues and successor teeth,and conservative treatment is recommended.Objective:to describe the outcome of conservative treatment for severe intrusion of a primary incisor.Case presentation:this is a 1 year and 10 month old male patient who attends the pediatric emergency area at El Centro Médico Docente la Trinidad for dentofacial trauma.At the time of the clinical examination,after the pediatric evaluation,it was observed that he presented a lacerating lesion in the gingiva of the anterosuperior sector with the absence of the primary upper central incisor (51). A radiographic examination confirmed the diagnosis of complete intrusive dislocation with a vestibular table fracture in the premaxilla and an uncomplicated enamel-dentin coronal fracture of 51.Topical disinfection of the area was performed,preventive antibiotic therapy, anti-inflammatories,oral hygiene and soft liquid diet were prescribed.The treatment of choice was conservative, waiting for spontaneous re-eruption for later restoration.Periodic controls were carried out in person and through teleodontology,showing favorable resolution. Twelve months after the trauma, the tooth reached the occlusion plane,with no symptoms.The aesthetic restoration was performed with light-cured composite. Conclusions:conservative management in cases of severe intrusive dislocations, accompanied by adequate monitoring,allows satisfactory results to be obtained.
Copyright (c) 2022 Latin American Pediatric Dentistry Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Consumption of fluoridated water by Mexican children and its relationship with the presence of dental caries and fluorosis
Introduction Dental caries and fluorosis are a public health problem; their relationship with the levels of fluoride consumed should be analyzed and reported. Aim. Analyze the levels of fluoride in the water consumed by school-aged children. Based on the results obtained, establish its relationship with the prevalence and severity of fluorosis and dental caries. Material and methods. In total, 52 tests were taken from four different community water sources. The prevalence and severity of fluorosis was determined using Dean's index and the caries were classified according to their depth in 64 children. Descriptive and multivariate statistics were carried out. Results. The highest fluoride values in water were those obtained in well water with 1.63 PPM, followed by spring water with 1.47 PPM. Fluoride levels in the purifiers were within the allowed range. The prevalence of fluorosis and caries in children turned out to be high. The following relationships were found: a) when a child reports not drinking water from a purifier, this is related to the presence of fluorosis and cavities, b) in children who do not drink water from the spring or the tap, but do drink water from purifying, fluorosis and caries are absent. Conclusions. The levels of fluoride in the spring water and the intake tap exceeded the permitted limits and its consumption is related to the presence of fluorosis and cavities.
Preventive management of a chronic microtraumatic factor in an adolescent patient using an occlusal splint for mucosal protection; a case report
The development of cancer involves three stages: initiation, promotion, and progression. These consecutive stages are referred to as the process of carcinogenesis. The role of dentists in this process in relation to oral cancer is to intervene in the promotion stage, focusing on prevention by both eliminating and not causing chronic microtraumatic factors. This article is a clinical case report of a 14-year-old male patient seen at Hospital de Odontología Infantil Don Benito Quinquela Martín, who underwent a clinical functional stomatological examination. He was observed to have geographic and fissured tongue, with severe indentations on the edges, resulting from a chronic microtraumatic factor, due to the presence of an unfavorable dental arch. If this factor is not controlled or eliminated, it could cause ulceration due to chronic trauma, which is a potentially precancerous lesion. Objective: to describe the clinical condition of a 14-year-old male patient who is fitted with an occlusal splint for mucosal protection in order to prevent potentially precancerous diseases, such as ulceration due to chronic trauma, caused by the chronic microtraumatic factor present. Conclusion: by using an occlusal splint for mucosal protection as part of the treatment plan, future lesions that would compromise the patient's general health may be prevented.
Temporomandibular disorders and associated risk factors in children and adolescents in Cartagena, Colombia.
Objectives: To determine the risk factors associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in children and adolescents attending the pediatric dentistry service of the University of Cartagena - Colombia. Methodology: The sample consisted of 105 participants. Prior to the signing of informed consent by the legal representatives, a survey was applied to measure the sociodemographic variables. The diagnosis of TMD was obtained with axis I of the RDC/TTM, and the oral habits and behaviors questionnaire was also applied. The radiographic analysis was standardized to evaluate the variables skeletal malocclusions, growth pattern, Baccetti cervical maturation stage, and cervical curvature analysis according to Penning; postural attitude was measured with the photographic model of body posture. The statistical analysis was performed with the STATA program version for Windows 14, using a univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, with the chi2 test, assuming a value of (p< 0.05) for significance. Results: the model obtained for the explanation of TMD was the crude one showing statistical significance for the variables canine class, oral habits/behaviors, postural attitude and the variable age (p< 0.004). The statistical strength was low (R2=14%) Conclusion: The negative impact of class II canine malocclusion in children and adolescents with TMD is highlighted, being considered the variable with the highest weight within the regression coefficient, which was significantly associated with oral behaviors, forward position of the mandible, inadequate postural attitude and the age group ≥ 6 years.
Marked expressions: The problem of dental fluorosis in children and adolescents. A systematic review
Introduction: Dental fluorosis is a condition that has captured the attention of public health professionals, especially with regard to children and adolescents. Objective: To evaluate the existing information on the incidence and prevalence of dental fluorosis in children and adolescents. Methodology: For this, a systematic review of scientific literature was carried out, using recognized electronic databases such as Scopus, WOS, EBSCO, Scielo, Latindex, Redalyc, Pubmed, Springer and Institutional Repositories, covering publications from 2018 to 2024. Results: The review of 34 studies that satisfied the selection criteria, highlights the following findings: Dental fluorosis is a prevalent condition in children and adolescents, mostly in its very mild form. Key risk factors include exposure to high concentrations of fluoride in drinking water (especially if they exceed 1.5 mg/L). Excess fluoride is a public health problem. Conclusions: Fluoride is essential for the prevention of caries, its excess is the main cause of dental fluorosis, which highlights the need for stricter monitoring and regulation of concentrations in water and oral hygiene products, as well as continuous education for the population.
Pediatric dentistry programs of excellence
This manuscript presents a proposal for incorporating a global approach and mastery learning, combined with deliberate practice, as innovative strategies to advance excellence in pediatric dentistry programs. The article explores the concept of “excellence,” emphasizing the importance of aligning these programs with the Sustainable Development Goals, the internationalization of dental education, and global health education competencies. The traditional training model in pediatric dentistry programs is challenged, and we propose a model of excellence that integrates structured repetition and analysis, enhanced by clinical simulation, to achieve impactful outcomes for students. By adopting these strategies, we believe that teaching and learning processes can be transformed, enabling future specialists not only to acquire knowledge and skills but also to apply them effectively and reflectively in clinical practice. We are confident that this approach will benefit both students and academic programs while contributing to improved oral health outcomes for pediatric patients and advancing pediatric dentistry globally.
Orthodontic Treatment in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Introduction: Dental treatment of patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) presents unique challenges due to the associated sensory, cognitive and behavioral alterations. Case report: This report describes the successful orthodontic treatment of a 10-year-old male patient with high-functioning ASD, who presented with severe sensory alterations and a labial suction habit. The patient had received prior sensory-behavioral adaptation to dental care. The care protocol included Tell-Show-Do techniques, audiovisual support, positive reinforcement, and the use of dark glasses to minimize sensory visual stimuli. The use of a self-regulation element of the patient was allowed. Extraction of upper lateral incisors was performed, and the crowns of the same teeth were used as temporary replacements to maintain aesthetics and avoid the feeling of tooth loss. Brackets were cemented in the central and lateral incisors to assess the patient's acceptance of fixed appliances. Result: The treatment was successful, achieving patient cooperation and ensuring continuity of treatment. Behavioral adaptation, in conjunction with a multidisciplinary team and caregiver participation, are essential to achieve therapeutic objectives and protect the patient's self-perception. Conclusion: The great challenge of caring for the patient with autism is to provide comprehensive care with a multidisciplinary team, ensuring the improvement of their quality of life and adherence over time.
Diagnosis and treatment of supernumerary teeth in non-syndromic children: case series
Aims: Supernumerary teeth represent teeth or structures similar to dental elements, erupted or not, that manifest beyond the quantity commonly found in both dentitions. In this article, a series of cases of children who presented with supernumerary teeth and were treated at a public pediatric dentistry service will be reported. Materials and Methods: The children and guardians presented themselves spontaneously to the emergency service reporting discomfort arising from the emergence of the tooth or were referred from primary care units. Patients were followed from diagnosis of the condition, complementary exams, treatment and control. During consultations, information was recorded in clinical records and photographs. Results: Four children were followed for this series of cases: two boys, six years old, presence of a supernumerary tooth in the anterior region of the maxilla, compatible with the diagnosis of mesiodent; a girl, 7 years old, presence of a supernumerary tooth in the anterior region of the maxilla between teeth 22 and 63; and a boy, 7 years old, diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, presence of two supernumerary teeth, one mesiodens and the other located in the region of the lower lateral incisor. The treatment chosen for all cases was the extraction of supernumerary teeth. Conclusions: Supernumerary teeth present themselves as relatively recurrent conditions in the pediatric dentistry clinic and their management requires diagnosis, treatment plan, effective treatment and longitudinal monitoring.